Furthermore, Montessori is distinct in that it does not use textbooks, worksheets,
tests, grades, punishments, or rewards. Differences in classroom attitudes and management also have been noted. According to Chattin-McNichols (1992), Montessori classrooms are based on cooperation, while traditional classrooms are based on competition. In Montessori classrooms, “Teachers promote inner discipline in children by letting students direct their own learning instead of upholding an outer discipline where teachers act as authoritarians, dictating to students how to behave and what to do” . Montessori teachers reportedly have “faith that the children will freely choose the tasks that meet their inner needs at the moment” . In addition, Montessori programs target the development of “human potential … beyond the more narrow focus of skill development and transmission of societal values which shape the traditional educational system”.