the new approaches share certain features : an equity orientation emphasizing a direct attack on poverty and minimum of consumption thresholds (basic needs), a recognition that more production and better distribution must be generated together to define development, and a preference for self-reliant, "bottoms up" planning styles
with emphasis on land and development of agricultural sector to diversify rural economy
"Hence, a rural-to-rural migration has become a spontaneous phenomenon of population adjustment in seeking opportunities, and avoiding natural calamities and human conflicts. In the meantime, village resettlement programs in central locations or in frontier zones offering more employment and income opportunities through communal endeavors in agriculture, or creating economies of scale for economic and social service provisions (Brebner and Briggs, 1982); reasonable resource allocation and equitable redistribution of natural resources with emphasis on land and development of agricultural sector to diversify rural economy (Misra and Bhusan, 1981:23); modernization and commercialization of agriculture following development approaches to area development, settlement, irrigation and land improvement (World Bank, 1975:58-62) were implemented as the pioneer models of development with expectations of creating employment and incomegenerating activities in the destination areas as well as releasing population pressure on resources in the place of origin. Spontaneous and planned resettlement programs in Nepal were launched with the opening up of forest lands in the Terai of the Rapti valley along with malaria eradication program in the 1950s.
for a discussion of the political developments in afghanistan since 1979, including the strategy of the PDPA, the reform programme and its implications, see among other publications on this isser