2.2. Media and carbon sources
Three different types of media that have been previously reported to have optimized concentrations and are used to cultivate G. xylinus were selected from the literature and modified for the present study. Media used were Hestrin–Schramm (H), Yamanaka (Y) and Zhou (Z). The chemical compositions of the media are described in Table 1. Date syrup, glucose, mannitol, sucrose, and food-grade sucrose were used as different carbon sources in these media. All the media were inoculated at a concentration of 10% (v/v) after being autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. Ethanol 1% (v/v) was added to all media and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with H2SO4.