How to interpret rising landlessness in the aftermath of the agrarian reforms? One line of argument holds that starting from relatively equitable land distribution, land market reforms have created new rural class structures as they allowed rich farmers to buy land from poor farmers, who then became poor landless laborers. The other line holds that the more affluent have become landless as they shift partially out of farming into occupations with higher labor remuneration. In this way, rising landlessness and falling poverty happen together as part of a wider process of economic transition (Ravaillon and van de Walle 2008). If consumption is taken as a proxy for wealth, then models show 10 years after the implementation of the Land Law that the poorest tend to be the least likely to be landless in Vietnam.