Grammar
- Noun clause
I don’t know [something] (direct object)
that he was the author. (direct object noun clause)
*when noun clause is direct object, “that” can be omitted
I know (that) he passed the test.
I believe (that) we’re going to the mall.
*noun clause can be replaced by “so” in short answer.
Did Pam make it? 1. Yes. I think that she made it.
2. Yes. I think so.
*Be careful: I don’t think so. I don’t believe so, I guess not, I hope not*
* “that” can be omitted when following certain adjectives
I’m afraid (that) we have to leave early.
We’re both disappointed (that) his new book isn’t very good.
- Noun clause (Embedded question)
*use “if”, “whether” to begin embedded yes/no questions.
Is that magazine any good? >> Tell me if that magazine is any good.
Did he like the article? >>> I’d like to know whether he liked the article.
*use question word to begin embedded information questions.
Whose book is it? >> I’d like to know whose book it is.
Where is the writer from? >> Do you know where the writer is from?
Where did you buy it? >> Can you tell me where you bought it?
Vocabulary
Type of book
- Fiction
- Novel
- Mystery
- Thriller
- Romance novel
- Science fiction
- Short stories
- Non-fiction
- Biography
- Autobiography
- Travel book
- Memoir
- Self-help book
Reading materials
- Magazine
- Newspaper
- Internet
- Blog
- Comics
Ways to describe a book
- It’s a page-turner/ cliff-hanger/ best-seller/ fast read
- It’s hard to follow/ trash
Some ways to enjoy reading
- Curl up with (a book)
- Read aloud (to someone)
- Listen to audio books
- Do puzzles
- Read (articles) online
- Skim through (a newspaper)
- Read electronic books/ e-books
Social language
- (She) can’t get enough of them.
- (I) can’t seem to get into it.
- I guess (mysteries) just aren’t my thing.
- They put me to sleep.
- (I) can’t put it down.
- I’m dying to read.
- I highly recommend it.
UNIT 5
Grammar
- Indirect speech: imperative
*Imperative becomes an infinitive in direct speech.*
The teacher said, “Do the homework.” >> The teacher said to do the homework.
The teacher said, “Come to class on time.” >> The teacher said to come to class on time.
The guide said, “Don’t touch it.” >> The guide said not to touch it.
*change time and pronoun as necessary.*
this (evening) >> that (evening)
today >> yesterday, the day before, the previous day
these (days) >> those (days)
now >> then
(a week) ago >> (a week) before
last weekend >> the weekend before, the previous weekend
next (week) >> the following (week)
tomorrow >> the next day, the following day
here >> there
this >> that
***BE CAREFUL *She said, “I teach Anatomy online.” >> She said she taught Anatomy online.*
- Indirect speech : say and tell
Use “tell” when you mention the listener.
Use “say” when you don’t mention the listener.
When “tell” and “say” are in the past tense , verb in the indirect speech often changes to more past.
Present simple >> Past simple
Present continuous >> Past continuous
Present perfect >> Past perfect
Present perfect continuous >> Past perfect continuous
Past simple >> Past perfect
Past continuous >> Past perfect continuous
Past perfect >> No change
Past perfect continuous >> No change
will >> would
can >> could
must >> had to
shall >> should
may >> might
ought to >> No change
Vocabulary
Disasters
- Epidemic
- Famine
- Blizzard
- Earthquake
Severe weather and other natural disasters
- Tornado
- Hurricane/ typhoon
- Flood
- Landslide
- Drought
Adjectives of severity
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Deadly
- Catastrophic
- Enormous
- Huge
Emergency preparations and supplies
- Evacuate
- Emergency
- Power outage
- Shelter
- First-aid kit
- Flashlight
- Non-perishable food
- Scissors
- Bandages
- Matches
- Batteries
- Bottled water
Others
- Property damage
- Casualties
- Deaths
- Breaking news
- Destroy
- Storm
- survivor
Grammar
- Noun clause
I don’t know [something] (direct object)
that he was the author. (direct object noun clause)
*when noun clause is direct object, “that” can be omitted
I know (that) he passed the test.
I believe (that) we’re going to the mall.
*noun clause can be replaced by “so” in short answer.
Did Pam make it? 1. Yes. I think that she made it.
2. Yes. I think so.
*Be careful: I don’t think so. I don’t believe so, I guess not, I hope not*
* “that” can be omitted when following certain adjectives
I’m afraid (that) we have to leave early.
We’re both disappointed (that) his new book isn’t very good.
- Noun clause (Embedded question)
*use “if”, “whether” to begin embedded yes/no questions.
Is that magazine any good? >> Tell me if that magazine is any good.
Did he like the article? >>> I’d like to know whether he liked the article.
*use question word to begin embedded information questions.
Whose book is it? >> I’d like to know whose book it is.
Where is the writer from? >> Do you know where the writer is from?
Where did you buy it? >> Can you tell me where you bought it?
Vocabulary
Type of book
- Fiction
- Novel
- Mystery
- Thriller
- Romance novel
- Science fiction
- Short stories
- Non-fiction
- Biography
- Autobiography
- Travel book
- Memoir
- Self-help book
Reading materials
- Magazine
- Newspaper
- Internet
- Blog
- Comics
Ways to describe a book
- It’s a page-turner/ cliff-hanger/ best-seller/ fast read
- It’s hard to follow/ trash
Some ways to enjoy reading
- Curl up with (a book)
- Read aloud (to someone)
- Listen to audio books
- Do puzzles
- Read (articles) online
- Skim through (a newspaper)
- Read electronic books/ e-books
Social language
- (She) can’t get enough of them.
- (I) can’t seem to get into it.
- I guess (mysteries) just aren’t my thing.
- They put me to sleep.
- (I) can’t put it down.
- I’m dying to read.
- I highly recommend it.
UNIT 5
Grammar
- Indirect speech: imperative
*Imperative becomes an infinitive in direct speech.*
The teacher said, “Do the homework.” >> The teacher said to do the homework.
The teacher said, “Come to class on time.” >> The teacher said to come to class on time.
The guide said, “Don’t touch it.” >> The guide said not to touch it.
*change time and pronoun as necessary.*
this (evening) >> that (evening)
today >> yesterday, the day before, the previous day
these (days) >> those (days)
now >> then
(a week) ago >> (a week) before
last weekend >> the weekend before, the previous weekend
next (week) >> the following (week)
tomorrow >> the next day, the following day
here >> there
this >> that
***BE CAREFUL *She said, “I teach Anatomy online.” >> She said she taught Anatomy online.*
- Indirect speech : say and tell
Use “tell” when you mention the listener.
Use “say” when you don’t mention the listener.
When “tell” and “say” are in the past tense , verb in the indirect speech often changes to more past.
Present simple >> Past simple
Present continuous >> Past continuous
Present perfect >> Past perfect
Present perfect continuous >> Past perfect continuous
Past simple >> Past perfect
Past continuous >> Past perfect continuous
Past perfect >> No change
Past perfect continuous >> No change
will >> would
can >> could
must >> had to
shall >> should
may >> might
ought to >> No change
Vocabulary
Disasters
- Epidemic
- Famine
- Blizzard
- Earthquake
Severe weather and other natural disasters
- Tornado
- Hurricane/ typhoon
- Flood
- Landslide
- Drought
Adjectives of severity
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Deadly
- Catastrophic
- Enormous
- Huge
Emergency preparations and supplies
- Evacuate
- Emergency
- Power outage
- Shelter
- First-aid kit
- Flashlight
- Non-perishable food
- Scissors
- Bandages
- Matches
- Batteries
- Bottled water
Others
- Property damage
- Casualties
- Deaths
- Breaking news
- Destroy
- Storm
- survivor
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