Contact normal stresses up to 3000 N/mm2 [1,2] as well as surface
enlargements over 30 [3] may be reached for low alloy steels.
Relative velocities up to 500 mm/s in combination with sliding distances
up to 100 mm may occur [4]. Even though speaking of cold
forging processes, tool temperatures up to 200 ◦C [5] and locally
distributed workpiece temperatures up to 600 ◦C [1] can occur due
to the conversion of forming and friction energy into heat.