The biomass and VWC were measured as the sum of leaves, stem, and pods by destructive sampling. Total LAI was mea sured using a LAI-3100 (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE), which is a direct method for estimating total LAI. This instrument operates differently than the device used with rice in 2007. However, an earlier study by Welles [20] showed that observations made by the direct (LAI-3100) and indirect (LAI-2000) methods com- pared well with each other. Measurement of the soil moisture within the top 0.05 m was performed using a portable probe (Echo-5 TE probe, Decagon Device, Inc.). NDVI data were not available for the soybean experiment. Crop row orientation was parallel to the azimuth angle of the antenna.