1.3. Physical and virtual manipulation
The most fundamental difference between VME and PME
is physicality, which for VME advocates, appears not to be
a specific requirement for learning, unless the target skill is
perceptual-motor (e.g., exploring the operation of an electro-
magnetic see-saw or making precise incisions during dissec-
tions;
Triona & Klahr, 2003
). From a theoretical perspective,
proponents of virtual manipulation argue that the claim that
physicality is a requirement for learning is not well-grounded
in any of the current major learning theories, namely, the
constructivist and the cognitive learning theories. Construc-
tivist theory emphasizes the importance of learners taking an
active role in their own learning, but it does not specifically
require physical manipulation. Cognitive theory focuses on the
need for learners to actively process information and practice
the target skill (see for details
Triona & Klahr, 2003
). From an
empirical research viewpoint, there is a surprisingly small
number of studies that directly tested the effect of physicality
on science learning and involved experimental designs (
Triona
& Klahr, 2003
). The first research findings indicate that
physicality, as such, appears not to be a prerequisite for
specific learning skills (
Triona & Klahr, 2003
) or tasks (e.g.,
discovering the combination of features that yield an optimal
design for a car that travels the farthest;
Klahr et al., 2007
).
However, one cannot conclude from these studies whether
physicality is a prerequisite for understanding physics
concepts
1.3. Physical and virtual manipulationThe most fundamental difference between VME and PMEis physicality, which for VME advocates, appears not to bea specific requirement for learning, unless the target skill isperceptual-motor (e.g., exploring the operation of an electro-magnetic see-saw or making precise incisions during dissec-tions;Triona & Klahr, 2003). From a theoretical perspective,proponents of virtual manipulation argue that the claim thatphysicality is a requirement for learning is not well-groundedin any of the current major learning theories, namely, theconstructivist and the cognitive learning theories. Construc-tivist theory emphasizes the importance of learners taking anactive role in their own learning, but it does not specificallyrequire physical manipulation. Cognitive theory focuses on theneed for learners to actively process information and practicethe target skill (see for detailsTriona & Klahr, 2003). From anempirical research viewpoint, there is a surprisingly smallnumber of studies that directly tested the effect of physicalityon science learning and involved experimental designs (Triona& Klahr, 2003). The first research findings indicate thatphysicality, as such, appears not to be a prerequisite forspecific learning skills (Triona & Klahr, 2003) or tasks (e.g.,discovering the combination of features that yield an optimaldesign for a car that travels the farthest;Klahr et al., 2007).However, one cannot conclude from these studies whetherphysicality is a prerequisite for understanding physicsconcepts
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