Accounting and financial reporting vietnam
Accounting and financial reporting vietnam
2. Vietnamese Accounting System
At present, the MOF has issued and approved two accounting system regimes that all enterprises with foreign-owned capital and foreign parties to business cooperation contracts are required to adopt. One ofthe accounting regimes is applicable for medium- and small-sized enterprises, and the other is applied for enterprises of other scale.The Vietnamese accounting system (VAS) applies rules and prescribes the method by which transactions are accounted for, including the use of specific accounting codes and account names. The VAS also provides a standard chart of accounts, the format for internal accounting documentation, and the bookkeeping records which must be maintained in the Vietnamese language and currency for all types of transactions to be applied by all duly registered enterprises. In case an enterprise wishes to use an accounting system other than VAS, or would like to amend or supplement the VAS, they are required to submit this system for registration and to obtain prior approval from the MOF. Approvals for non-VAS registrations will only be granted for particular, specialized industries or in exceptional circumstances.
2.1. Vietnamese Accounting Standards
Currently, there are 26 Vietnamese Accounting Standards Issued by the Minister of Finance, to be applied to all enterprises in all economic sectors in Vietnam, in which no new standards were issued since 2005. Vietnamese Accounting Standards are also under consideration to be reviewed and reissued in the coming years so that they more closely align with IFRS issued by the International Federation of Accountants, and in harmony with the economic development, legislation and accounting practice of Vietnam. Accounting standards include basic accounting principles and methods for posting entries in accounting books and for preparing financial reports. Accounting procedure at an accounting entity includes financial accounting and management accounting. The enterprise must provide both general accounting and detailed accounting.All companies and corporations must strictly follow the Vietnamese Accounting Standards and Systems.In case there is any deviation or change from Vietnamese Accounting Standards and Systems, the enterprise needs to register with the Ministry of Finance to obtain prior written consent.
2.2. Accounting Records
As regulated by the law, only one set of accounting records should be maintained for each enterprise. In certain cases, however, some enterprises may maintain more than one set of records in order to meet their investors’ requirements. The accounting statistics reports are also to be prepared by enterprises in accordance with the format approved by the Ministry of Finance.Under the Law on Accounting (2003), all financial transactions must be collated and reflected in an objective, comprehensive and truthful manner, and in the correct accounting period. Applicable accounting principles require to have an asset value calculated in accordance with the original price,including incurred expenses. Any adjustment of an asset value that has already been recorded in the accounting books may only be allowed in exceptional cases.Accounting policy must be kept consistently throughout annual accounting periods. In case there is any change in the accounting policy, the enterprise is required to provide an explanatory note.
2.3. Accounting Year
An accounting year, also called an accounting period, is a company’s annual financial reporting period.There are numerous kinds of reports that are based on the accounting year and critical during the year end.An accounting year is typically a period of twelve months, normally running from January 1st through December 31st. However, an accounting year does not necessarily need to follow the start and end dates of the twelve (12) month calendar year. Accounting entities shall be permitted to select an annual accounting period being twelve full months commencing from the beginning of the first day of a month at the beginning of any one quarter until the end of the last day of the last month of the previous quarter in the following year, and accounting entities shall notify the financial body for its information. The first accounting period runs from the date of issuing the investment license to the last day of the accounting year.
3. Language, Numerals and Unit of Measurement
Languages used for preparation of accounting records by enterprises are required to be either Vietnamese only or bilingually in Vietnamese and another widely used foreign language approved by the Ministry of Finance. In terms of numerals, only Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are allowed.Metric system is used as the official measurement unit in Vietnam with the accounting records maintained under the same system. In case of the presence of other measurement units, they must be converted into metric units.
4. Currency
The official accounting currency unit is the Vietnamese dong. Transactions must be recorded in the original currency and in dong, at the applicable exchange rate, or recorded in the original currency and converted into dong at the applicable exchange rate in case such transactions is implemented in a foreign currency. Where a particular form of foreign currency does not have an exchange rate with the dong, it must be converted via a convertible form of foreign currency. However, other foreign currency informed to the directly managed tax authority is also used to express all values in the accounts. The basic accounting unit for receipt and payment mainly in foreign currency shall be selected from a type of foreign currency which the Ministry of Finance stipulates to be used as a currency unit. However,when financial reports are prepared for use in Vietnam, it must be converted into Vietnamese dong at the average inter-bank exchange rate quoted by the State Bank at the balance sheet date.
5. List of Assets
Enterprise must provide a list of its assets including properties, materials, goods and funds at the end of each accounting year. All existing assets of an enterprise are regulated to be inventoried as well as provided with regular minutes of the inventory and consolidated reports on the inventory of assets.
6. Deadline for submitting financial reports
Annual financial reports must be submitted to authorities within duration of ninety (90) days from the dateon which the annual accounting period ends.
7. Accounting Staff
In establishment of an enterprise, it is required to appoint a person to act as a chief accountant who holds either a certificate or diploma in financial accounting conferred by an approved institution. The appointment of the Chief Accountant must be documented by a labor contract.To be appointed, a chief accountant must satisfy the following criteria: not belong to any category of persons prohibited to act as accounting personnel (listed as per the regulations); have professional accounting qualifications and skills at intermediate or higher level; and must have attended a chief accountant training course and have been awarded a certificate of having passed the chief accountant training course in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Finance.In case a foreigner is appointed as chief accountant in an foreign invested enterprise, that person must hold a certificate of certified public accounting or auditing issued by foreign professional organization and recognized by the Vietnam Ministry of Finance (MOF); or a certificate of professional accounting or auditing practice issued by the MOF or a certificate of chief accountant issued by the MOF. In addition,that person must have enough actual time working in the accounting field of at least two years, with one year of which working in Vietnam, and have been permitted to reside in Vietnam for at least one year.
8. Auditing Requirements
The annual financial statements of enterprises must be audited once a year in compliance with Vietnamese regulations and laws. The audit should be carried out by an independent auditing company with license of operating in Vietnam. The enterprise takes legal responsibility of providing information in a timely and sufficient manner, and explanations as well to the auditing company.Financial reports should be prepared in compliance with the existing accounting standards and accounting regime in order to provide an overall view and explanation of the economic and financial situation of an accounting entity. Financial reports must be prepared at the end of annual accounting periods or in accordance with other accounting periods regulated by law. Financial reports must be prepared on the basis of the figures after the accounting books were closed and with the correct content sand methods and consistence in all accounting period; otherwise, the enterprise is required to provide an explanatory note. Financial reports must be signed by the chief accountant, who prepares the financial reports, and the legal representative of the accounting entity who takes liability for the contents.In general, financial reports of accounting entities that conduct business operations include: i) balance sheet; ii) profit and loss statement; iii) cash flow report; and iv) explanatory notes to the financial report. In addition, under the existing regulations of law, the annual financial report of an accounting entity must be audited prior to its submission to the competent body and its publication. An audit report must been closed with the annual financial report to be submitted to the competent body.
เวียดนามรายงานบัญชี และการเงินเวียดนามรายงานบัญชี และการเงิน2. ระบบบัญชีเวียดนามปัจจุบัน กระทรวงได้ออก และอนุมัติระบอบระบบบัญชีสองที่ทุกองค์กรต่างประเทศเจ้าของทุนและสัญญาความร่วมมือทางธุรกิจต่างประเทศภาคีจะต้องนำมาใช้ เป็นหนึ่งในระบอบบัญชีสำหรับวิสาหกิจขนาดกลาง และขนาดเล็ก และอื่น ๆ ที่ใช้สำหรับวิสาหกิจของสเกลอื่น ๆ ระบบบัญชีเวียดนาม (VAS) ใช้กฎ และได้กำหนดวิธีการที่ธุรกรรมที่คิดเป็น รวมทั้งการใช้เฉพาะรหัสบัญชีและชื่อบัญชี VAS มีแผนภูมิมาตรฐานบัญชี รูปแบบของเอกสารบัญชีภายใน และข้อมูลบริษัทที่ต้องรักษาไว้ในภาษาเวียดนามและสกุลเงินสำหรับธุรกรรมที่จะใช้ โดยองค์กรรับรองสำเนาถูกต้องลงทะเบียนทั้งหมดทุกชนิด ในกรณีที่องค์กรต้องใช้ระบบบัญชีไม่ใช่ VAS หรือต้องการแก้ไข หรือเสริม VAS พวกเขาจะต้องส่งระบบนี้สำหรับการลงทะเบียน และได้รับอนุมัติก่อนจากกระทรวง จะได้รับอนุมัติสำหรับการลงทะเบียนไม่ใช่ VAS สำหรับอุตสาหกรรมเฉพาะ พิเศษ หรือ ในสถานการณ์2.1. มาตรฐานการบัญชีที่เวียดนามCurrently, there are 26 Vietnamese Accounting Standards Issued by the Minister of Finance, to be applied to all enterprises in all economic sectors in Vietnam, in which no new standards were issued since 2005. Vietnamese Accounting Standards are also under consideration to be reviewed and reissued in the coming years so that they more closely align with IFRS issued by the International Federation of Accountants, and in harmony with the economic development, legislation and accounting practice of Vietnam. Accounting standards include basic accounting principles and methods for posting entries in accounting books and for preparing financial reports. Accounting procedure at an accounting entity includes financial accounting and management accounting. The enterprise must provide both general accounting and detailed accounting.All companies and corporations must strictly follow the Vietnamese Accounting Standards and Systems.In case there is any deviation or change from Vietnamese Accounting Standards and Systems, the enterprise needs to register with the Ministry of Finance to obtain prior written consent.2.2. Accounting RecordsAs regulated by the law, only one set of accounting records should be maintained for each enterprise. In certain cases, however, some enterprises may maintain more than one set of records in order to meet their investors’ requirements. The accounting statistics reports are also to be prepared by enterprises in accordance with the format approved by the Ministry of Finance.Under the Law on Accounting (2003), all financial transactions must be collated and reflected in an objective, comprehensive and truthful manner, and in the correct accounting period. Applicable accounting principles require to have an asset value calculated in accordance with the original price,including incurred expenses. Any adjustment of an asset value that has already been recorded in the accounting books may only be allowed in exceptional cases.Accounting policy must be kept consistently throughout annual accounting periods. In case there is any change in the accounting policy, the enterprise is required to provide an explanatory note.2.3. Accounting YearAn accounting year, also called an accounting period, is a company’s annual financial reporting period.There are numerous kinds of reports that are based on the accounting year and critical during the year end.An accounting year is typically a period of twelve months, normally running from January 1st through December 31st. However, an accounting year does not necessarily need to follow the start and end dates of the twelve (12) month calendar year. Accounting entities shall be permitted to select an annual accounting period being twelve full months commencing from the beginning of the first day of a month at the beginning of any one quarter until the end of the last day of the last month of the previous quarter in the following year, and accounting entities shall notify the financial body for its information. The first accounting period runs from the date of issuing the investment license to the last day of the accounting year.3. Language, Numerals and Unit of MeasurementLanguages used for preparation of accounting records by enterprises are required to be either Vietnamese only or bilingually in Vietnamese and another widely used foreign language approved by the Ministry of Finance. In terms of numerals, only Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are allowed.Metric system is used as the official measurement unit in Vietnam with the accounting records maintained under the same system. In case of the presence of other measurement units, they must be converted into metric units.4. CurrencyThe official accounting currency unit is the Vietnamese dong. Transactions must be recorded in the original currency and in dong, at the applicable exchange rate, or recorded in the original currency and converted into dong at the applicable exchange rate in case such transactions is implemented in a foreign currency. Where a particular form of foreign currency does not have an exchange rate with the dong, it must be converted via a convertible form of foreign currency. However, other foreign currency informed to the directly managed tax authority is also used to express all values in the accounts. The basic accounting unit for receipt and payment mainly in foreign currency shall be selected from a type of foreign currency which the Ministry of Finance stipulates to be used as a currency unit. However,when financial reports are prepared for use in Vietnam, it must be converted into Vietnamese dong at the average inter-bank exchange rate quoted by the State Bank at the balance sheet date.5. List of AssetsEnterprise must provide a list of its assets including properties, materials, goods and funds at the end of each accounting year. All existing assets of an enterprise are regulated to be inventoried as well as provided with regular minutes of the inventory and consolidated reports on the inventory of assets.6. Deadline for submitting financial reportsAnnual financial reports must be submitted to authorities within duration of ninety (90) days from the dateon which the annual accounting period ends.7. Accounting StaffIn establishment of an enterprise, it is required to appoint a person to act as a chief accountant who holds either a certificate or diploma in financial accounting conferred by an approved institution. The appointment of the Chief Accountant must be documented by a labor contract.To be appointed, a chief accountant must satisfy the following criteria: not belong to any category of persons prohibited to act as accounting personnel (listed as per the regulations); have professional accounting qualifications and skills at intermediate or higher level; and must have attended a chief accountant training course and have been awarded a certificate of having passed the chief accountant training course in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Finance.In case a foreigner is appointed as chief accountant in an foreign invested enterprise, that person must hold a certificate of certified public accounting or auditing issued by foreign professional organization and recognized by the Vietnam Ministry of Finance (MOF); or a certificate of professional accounting or auditing practice issued by the MOF or a certificate of chief accountant issued by the MOF. In addition,that person must have enough actual time working in the accounting field of at least two years, with one year of which working in Vietnam, and have been permitted to reside in Vietnam for at least one year.
8. Auditing Requirements
The annual financial statements of enterprises must be audited once a year in compliance with Vietnamese regulations and laws. The audit should be carried out by an independent auditing company with license of operating in Vietnam. The enterprise takes legal responsibility of providing information in a timely and sufficient manner, and explanations as well to the auditing company.Financial reports should be prepared in compliance with the existing accounting standards and accounting regime in order to provide an overall view and explanation of the economic and financial situation of an accounting entity. Financial reports must be prepared at the end of annual accounting periods or in accordance with other accounting periods regulated by law. Financial reports must be prepared on the basis of the figures after the accounting books were closed and with the correct content sand methods and consistence in all accounting period; otherwise, the enterprise is required to provide an explanatory note. Financial reports must be signed by the chief accountant, who prepares the financial reports, and the legal representative of the accounting entity who takes liability for the contents.In general, financial reports of accounting entities that conduct business operations include: i) balance sheet; ii) profit and loss statement; iii) cash flow report; and iv) explanatory notes to the financial report. In addition, under the existing regulations of law, the annual financial report of an accounting entity must be audited prior to its submission to the competent body and its publication. An audit report must been closed with the annual financial report to be submitted to the competent body.
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