Leader effectiveness was measured with two items that have been used successfully in
several earlier studies (Kim and Yukl, 1995; Mahsud et al., 2010; Yukl et al., 2012). The
first item asked subordinates to rate the overall effectiveness of their manager in
carrying out his/her job responsibilities and it had a nine-point response format
(1 ¼ the least effective manager I have known; 9 ¼ the most effective manager I have
known). The second item asked subordinates to rate the overall effectiveness of their
manager (1 ¼ ineffective; 9 ¼ very effective). The scale score for all multi-item scales
was the mean item score.