The activities in the preliminary fieldwork were to:
• Visit an appropriate village (one that was not used in the final sample).
• Meet potential respondents (being the people to be interviewed).
• Raise the question of recording them.
• Become familiar with core aspects of the interview questions.
• Make field notes so that the related experience as could be analysed later.
DATA ANALYSIS
Interviews: Data Analysis Method
The grounded theory approach was selected for this study. Grounded theory is an attempt to address the context
of discovery issue, although the assumption is never stated explicitly (Miller and Fredericks 1999). Indeed, the very
concept of a grounded theory is based on the idea that the development of formulating such a theory involves a
discoverable process. It appears that such a process includes a set of procedures that, if carried out correctly, contributes
towards theory development. As the researcher collects data, the process of data analysis begins. In fact, an image for
data collection in a grounded theory study is a “zigzag” process, with this representing the actions of going out to the
field to gather information, then analyse the data, before going back to the field to gather more information, then analyse
the data, and so forth (Miller and Fredericks 1999).
TABLE 1
DATA ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION BY RESEARCH TRADITION
Data Analysis and Representation by Research Tradition
Data Analysis and
Representation
Data Managing
Reading, Memoing
Describing
Classifying Engage in axial coding—causal condition, context,
Grounded Theory Study
Create and organize files for data
Read through text, make margin notes, form initial codes
-
intervening conditions,
strategies, consequences
Engage in open coding—categories, properties,
dimensionalize properties
Engage in selective coding and development of stories
Develop a conditional matrix
Present propositions
Interpreting
Representing, Visualizing Present a visual model or theory
Source: Creswell (1998, p. 148-149)
Qualitative data analysis is a process of coding, categorizing, reassemble data and reconstruct the data in the
meaningful or comprehensible fashion; which that closely examined, compared for similarities and differences, and
questions are asked about the phenomena as reflected in the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990, p.62,). It is a search for
general statements about relationships among categories of data; it builds grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1997).
The process of data analysis in grounded theory research is systematic and follows a standard format (Creswell, 1998, p.
57).
Tape recordings were reviewed. Interviews were transcribed and analysed for meaning, and this was done using
in vivo coding and protocols for any semistructured interview, as follows:
• Unit of analysis – utterance
• In vivo coding - utterance as a code
• Categorisation - codes in larger categories of meaning
Recorded conversations: Data Analysis Method
The interviews are tape recorded and transcribed. The transcript is prepared for analysis at a later stage.
However, conversation transcripts are done in different way from the interview transcripts. As Silverman (2002) explains,
it is to work back and forth through the transcript to see how the puzzle arises and is resolved, doing so since the study is
inductive. (Silverman, 2000) also advises that the analysis is ‘datadriven’, meaning that it is developed from phenomena
that are, in various ways, evidenced in the data interaction. In conclusion, the empirical conduct of speakers is treated as
the central resource, out of which analysis may develop.
It is neither necessary, nor normal practice, to transcribe the whole of the conversation tape. Only some excerpts
might be chosen if found to be of interest for further study. The tapes will be listened to thoroughly, sifting what is heard
and, finally, selecting the excerpts. This process is to be repeated for all the tapes. The practice of analysing recorded
tapes, and selecting excerpts for discourse analysis, is illustrated in figure 3
FIGURE 3
THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IN PRACTICE
Source: Whiteley (2002)
FINDINGS
Introduction to the Findings
One of the unique features and challenges of this study was to produce a research environment where two
distinct, and very different, groups of people have allowed dialogue and conversations to be recorded. The data from the
associated meetings offers unique and invaluable insight into the research question. Therefore, as much detail as possible
was provided to give substance to the discussion, and also to give guidance for a future research agenda.
Presentation of the Findings
The research question for this study was:
What are the communication practices of Thai government officials and villagers?
The previous chapters have completed the three research objectives:
1. To conduct preliminary field work in order to define the research procedures.
2. To discover the prevalent discourse of Thai villagers.
3. To discover the prevalent discourse of Thai officials.
The fourth and final research objective was to compare discourse practices of Thai villagers and officials, with
this culminating in a discussion of possible barriers and opportunities to improve mutual understanding. The findings will
be presented as the outcome of data collection and analysis carried out in the field.
From the interviews, officials were asked nine questions. They replied freely and their responses were recorded.
In the interview parts, after the tape records were transcribed, the corpus which responded with or related to the semi-
structure interview questions were selected to code and later were grouped to categories using Atlas.ti software to
manage the theme. Significant parts from the interview of the recordings were entered into Atlas.ti for analysis. The
objective was to understand how officials worked when meeting with villagers, and how they saw their role in these
meetings. The results which follow show network maps of this analysis. Selected statements by individual officials are
used to illustrate each network map. This is followed by a comment from the researcher and the comments made by the
participants. This findings section will be presented by a sequence of research questions. These questions focus on the
following:
1) How is the meeting patterns usually organised and conducted; formal or informal?
2) On what occasion the meeting will be called and how often are meetings called?
3) What pattern of communication applied? (formal or informal)
4) What language (or dialect) is spoken in the meeting; whether the official language or terms are spoken?
5) How the information is rechecked or monitored for mutual understanding?
6) How good is the co-operation between the officials and villagers?
7) Do the officials have opportunities to work or perform some activities autonomously?
8) What are those worries or concerns your working environment or society?
Before reading about the findings in detail, the following section should provide main ideas what was found
from respondents responded to the research interview questions:
Patterns of communication
A meeting is normally the practice to communicate among officials, as well as in relation to villagers. However,
arranging a meeting at the local level, between officials and villagers, and any related communication, is left to the local
leaders. An official meeting usually has a set schedule, is at least monthly and, most of the time, the pattern is formal.
Even so, the meeting is conducted in accordance with a set as agenda. In general, a meeting of officials, and a meeting of
villagers are similar in style and have the same objective, which is to foster understanding between the groups. However,
the information content passed on from the officials to the villagers is screened in order to make it, and related topics,
relevant to them, such as highlighting infrastructure and the community plan. In contrast, the content discussed among
the officials is concerned with administrative operations. Local meetings seem to be less formal, in terms of the language
spoken, and the leaders are local and acquainted with the villagers. Any document is not usually distributed to the
villagers in the meeting. Yet, the meeting is still run by way of agendas.
It is also noteworthy that messages discussed among the officials, and from the officials to villagers, are
informative and top-down in nature.
Occasion of Meeting
As described in Pattern of meeting, a local official is responsible for informing villagers of news and projects
relevant to them and, therefore, each village sets it own meeting schedule by considering the time and place necessary to
suit villagers’ convenience. Generally, a monthly meeting is scheduled, while other places might call a meeting only
when the local leaders consider that they have important issues to discuss or announce. Otherwise, from the villagers’
perspective, a meeting will be seen as time consuming and wasteful.
Communication Pattern
Official uses several ways to disseminate news and information to the villagers, and so no single mode of
communication is used. Between government units, the districts are a pool of information that is used to disseminate
information to local leaders. The officials call a meeting for the local leaders to hear what to tell the villagers, and the
local leaders may use the broadcasting tower (a high tower built and equipped with the speaker so that people in the
village can hear the announcement from afar) to announce any news, call a meeting, or to send messages through
community network.
Language Spoken
The central dialect is widely spoken and understood by both the officials and locals. However, the villagers
indicate that local leaders explain go
The activities in the preliminary fieldwork were to:
• Visit an appropriate village (one that was not used in the final sample).
• Meet potential respondents (being the people to be interviewed).
• Raise the question of recording them.
• Become familiar with core aspects of the interview questions.
• Make field notes so that the related experience as could be analysed later.
DATA ANALYSIS
Interviews: Data Analysis Method
The grounded theory approach was selected for this study. Grounded theory is an attempt to address the context
of discovery issue, although the assumption is never stated explicitly (Miller and Fredericks 1999). Indeed, the very
concept of a grounded theory is based on the idea that the development of formulating such a theory involves a
discoverable process. It appears that such a process includes a set of procedures that, if carried out correctly, contributes
towards theory development. As the researcher collects data, the process of data analysis begins. In fact, an image for
data collection in a grounded theory study is a “zigzag” process, with this representing the actions of going out to the
field to gather information, then analyse the data, before going back to the field to gather more information, then analyse
the data, and so forth (Miller and Fredericks 1999).
TABLE 1
DATA ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION BY RESEARCH TRADITION
Data Analysis and Representation by Research Tradition
Data Analysis and
Representation
Data Managing
Reading, Memoing
Describing
Classifying Engage in axial coding—causal condition, context,
Grounded Theory Study
Create and organize files for data
Read through text, make margin notes, form initial codes
-
intervening conditions,
strategies, consequences
Engage in open coding—categories, properties,
dimensionalize properties
Engage in selective coding and development of stories
Develop a conditional matrix
Present propositions
Interpreting
Representing, Visualizing Present a visual model or theory
Source: Creswell (1998, p. 148-149)
Qualitative data analysis is a process of coding, categorizing, reassemble data and reconstruct the data in the
meaningful or comprehensible fashion; which that closely examined, compared for similarities and differences, and
questions are asked about the phenomena as reflected in the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990, p.62,). It is a search for
general statements about relationships among categories of data; it builds grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1997).
The process of data analysis in grounded theory research is systematic and follows a standard format (Creswell, 1998, p.
57).
Tape recordings were reviewed. Interviews were transcribed and analysed for meaning, and this was done using
in vivo coding and protocols for any semistructured interview, as follows:
• Unit of analysis – utterance
• In vivo coding - utterance as a code
• Categorisation - codes in larger categories of meaning
Recorded conversations: Data Analysis Method
The interviews are tape recorded and transcribed. The transcript is prepared for analysis at a later stage.
However, conversation transcripts are done in different way from the interview transcripts. As Silverman (2002) explains,
it is to work back and forth through the transcript to see how the puzzle arises and is resolved, doing so since the study is
inductive. (Silverman, 2000) also advises that the analysis is ‘datadriven’, meaning that it is developed from phenomena
that are, in various ways, evidenced in the data interaction. In conclusion, the empirical conduct of speakers is treated as
the central resource, out of which analysis may develop.
It is neither necessary, nor normal practice, to transcribe the whole of the conversation tape. Only some excerpts
might be chosen if found to be of interest for further study. The tapes will be listened to thoroughly, sifting what is heard
and, finally, selecting the excerpts. This process is to be repeated for all the tapes. The practice of analysing recorded
tapes, and selecting excerpts for discourse analysis, is illustrated in figure 3
FIGURE 3
THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IN PRACTICE
Source: Whiteley (2002)
FINDINGS
Introduction to the Findings
One of the unique features and challenges of this study was to produce a research environment where two
distinct, and very different, groups of people have allowed dialogue and conversations to be recorded. The data from the
associated meetings offers unique and invaluable insight into the research question. Therefore, as much detail as possible
was provided to give substance to the discussion, and also to give guidance for a future research agenda.
Presentation of the Findings
The research question for this study was:
What are the communication practices of Thai government officials and villagers?
The previous chapters have completed the three research objectives:
1. To conduct preliminary field work in order to define the research procedures.
2. To discover the prevalent discourse of Thai villagers.
3. To discover the prevalent discourse of Thai officials.
The fourth and final research objective was to compare discourse practices of Thai villagers and officials, with
this culminating in a discussion of possible barriers and opportunities to improve mutual understanding. The findings will
be presented as the outcome of data collection and analysis carried out in the field.
From the interviews, officials were asked nine questions. They replied freely and their responses were recorded.
In the interview parts, after the tape records were transcribed, the corpus which responded with or related to the semi-
structure interview questions were selected to code and later were grouped to categories using Atlas.ti software to
manage the theme. Significant parts from the interview of the recordings were entered into Atlas.ti for analysis. The
objective was to understand how officials worked when meeting with villagers, and how they saw their role in these
meetings. The results which follow show network maps of this analysis. Selected statements by individual officials are
used to illustrate each network map. This is followed by a comment from the researcher and the comments made by the
participants. This findings section will be presented by a sequence of research questions. These questions focus on the
following:
1) How is the meeting patterns usually organised and conducted; formal or informal?
2) On what occasion the meeting will be called and how often are meetings called?
3) What pattern of communication applied? (formal or informal)
4) What language (or dialect) is spoken in the meeting; whether the official language or terms are spoken?
5) How the information is rechecked or monitored for mutual understanding?
6) How good is the co-operation between the officials and villagers?
7) Do the officials have opportunities to work or perform some activities autonomously?
8) What are those worries or concerns your working environment or society?
Before reading about the findings in detail, the following section should provide main ideas what was found
from respondents responded to the research interview questions:
Patterns of communication
A meeting is normally the practice to communicate among officials, as well as in relation to villagers. However,
arranging a meeting at the local level, between officials and villagers, and any related communication, is left to the local
leaders. An official meeting usually has a set schedule, is at least monthly and, most of the time, the pattern is formal.
Even so, the meeting is conducted in accordance with a set as agenda. In general, a meeting of officials, and a meeting of
villagers are similar in style and have the same objective, which is to foster understanding between the groups. However,
the information content passed on from the officials to the villagers is screened in order to make it, and related topics,
relevant to them, such as highlighting infrastructure and the community plan. In contrast, the content discussed among
the officials is concerned with administrative operations. Local meetings seem to be less formal, in terms of the language
spoken, and the leaders are local and acquainted with the villagers. Any document is not usually distributed to the
villagers in the meeting. Yet, the meeting is still run by way of agendas.
It is also noteworthy that messages discussed among the officials, and from the officials to villagers, are
informative and top-down in nature.
Occasion of Meeting
As described in Pattern of meeting, a local official is responsible for informing villagers of news and projects
relevant to them and, therefore, each village sets it own meeting schedule by considering the time and place necessary to
suit villagers’ convenience. Generally, a monthly meeting is scheduled, while other places might call a meeting only
when the local leaders consider that they have important issues to discuss or announce. Otherwise, from the villagers’
perspective, a meeting will be seen as time consuming and wasteful.
Communication Pattern
Official uses several ways to disseminate news and information to the villagers, and so no single mode of
communication is used. Between government units, the districts are a pool of information that is used to disseminate
information to local leaders. The officials call a meeting for the local leaders to hear what to tell the villagers, and the
local leaders may use the broadcasting tower (a high tower built and equipped with the speaker so that people in the
village can hear the announcement from afar) to announce any news, call a meeting, or to send messages through
community network.
Language Spoken
The central dialect is widely spoken and understood by both the officials and locals. However, the villagers
indicate that local leaders explain go
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