The panel emphasized the need to utilize advanced immunolog-ical assessment technologies, such as transcriptomics, in both thelung and periphery of non-human primates and humans, to moreaccurately bridge assessments of vaccine activity. This approachwould serve to help de-risk the resource commitment required forlater-stage development of TB vaccine candidates.While there was agreement that developing vaccines to preventactive TB disease would remain the major focus of the TB vaccinedevelopment field, the panel concluded that there did not appearto be biological, public health, economic, or absolute regulatoryconstraints against developing vaccines to prevent sustained Mtbinfection, particularly if improvements were made in our ability todiagnose Mtb infection in a more sensitive and reliable fashion.