where yield is the subsequent yield, that is, monthly yield from the beginning of the month to the end of
the month. Price is the subsequent price or the end of the month price. P/E is the beginning of the month
P/E ratio.
Next, the following tests and estimation techniques, which are used commonly in time series, were
employed: Durbin–Watson statistics for checking autocorrelation and Breusch–Pagan/Cook–Weisberg
test for checking heteroscedasticity. Unit root testing was done with Phillips and Perron (P&P) test
followed with cointegration test and VECM and VAR.