After 96 h-exposure, the lysed cell treatment at 1500 and 3000 cells contained significantly fewer normal larvae than the control and all other treatments (p < 0.001; Table 2 and Fig. 2);the prevalence of abnormal larvae was significantly higher in the two highest lysed treatments compared to the control and all other treatments (p < 0.01). Larval mortalities were significantly higher(up to 10.7% in the highest lysed cell treatment) than in the control,low, and moderate whole-cell treatments (p < 0.001).