The growth in self-provided backhaul has largely been achieved with microwave. Going forward, and for the purposes of this review period there is considerable uncertainty that the throughput capability of microwave-based backhaul will be sufficient to meet Vodafone accepts that the retail market for fixed access should not be on the list of relevant markets. However, it is only due to the remedies imposed by NRAs that this is the case. Specifically, the provision of Wholesale Line Rental and the application of ex ante margin squeeze and replicability tests (for both individual products and bundles) has allowed the market for retail fixed access to be more competitive. In the absence of these remedies it is highly likely that the retail market for fixed (narrowband) access will be re-monopolised.