Iron and manganese bacteria are well known to borehole operators as the cause of iron and manganese biofouling, i.e., the build-up of orange- and blackcoloured slimes and encrustations on casing, pump and pipe surfaces (Tyrrel and Howsam 1997). Iron-oxidizing bacteria can be divided in two main groups, with respect to the purpose of iron oxidation by bacteria. The first group is the chemoautotrophic bacteria, in which the most common iron bacterium, the stalked Gallionella ferruginea belongs (Fig. 1A) (Hallbeck and Pedersen 1990; Katsoyiannis and Zouboulis 2004b). Chemoautotrophic bacteria are able to utilize the small amount of
Iron and manganese bacteria are well known to borehole operators as the cause of iron and manganese biofouling, i.e., the build-up of orange- and blackcoloured slimes and encrustations on casing, pump and pipe surfaces (Tyrrel and Howsam 1997). Iron-oxidizing bacteria can be divided in two main groups, with respect to the purpose of iron oxidation by bacteria. The first group is the chemoautotrophic bacteria, in which the most common iron bacterium, the stalked Gallionella ferruginea belongs (Fig. 1A) (Hallbeck and Pedersen 1990; Katsoyiannis and Zouboulis 2004b). Chemoautotrophic bacteria are able to utilize the small amount of
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