Research has empirically confirmed that hope is a positive
emotion (Shaver et al. 1987) that arises from environments
or outcomes characterized as goal congruent (e.g.,
Ellsworth and Smith 1988; Lazarus 1991) and uncertain but
possible (e.g., Roseman 1991; Roseman, Spindel, and Jose
1990). Outcomes regarded as certain will not evoke hope.
Averill, Catlin, and Chon (1990) find that college students
reported terminating hope when the time during which the
goal-congruent outcome should have occurred had passed
(i.e., students were certain that the outcome would not happen)
and/or when they were certain that the goal could not
be achieved. A person feels hopeless when he or she is certain
that a goal-congruent outcome will not occur (Seligman
1975).
Research has empirically confirmed that hope is a positiveemotion (Shaver et al. 1987) that arises from environmentsor outcomes characterized as goal congruent (e.g.,Ellsworth and Smith 1988; Lazarus 1991) and uncertain butpossible (e.g., Roseman 1991; Roseman, Spindel, and Jose1990). Outcomes regarded as certain will not evoke hope.Averill, Catlin, and Chon (1990) find that college studentsreported terminating hope when the time during which thegoal-congruent outcome should have occurred had passed(i.e., students were certain that the outcome would not happen)and/or when they were certain that the goal could notbe achieved. A person feels hopeless when he or she is certainthat a goal-congruent outcome will not occur (Seligman1975).
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