In another section of the text, Han uses the analogy of the “Five Vermin” or moths that feed on clothes or books (just as the government may be threatened).
The five threats to the government that Han mentions are:
(1) The promotion of ren (humanness) and yi (righteousness) by scholars who wish to follow the ways of ancient kings. According to Han Fei, these old ways are not compatible with fa (standards, which he favored) because they will only confuse the ruler.