Tse et al. (2005) obtained contradictory results with patients who listened to music after nasal surgery.
Music group patients had lower systolic blood pressure and heart rates than patients in the control group.
Participants listened to music both on the operation day and on the first postoperative day.
In summary, previous studies on patients’ music listening after surgery have used different methodological approaches that impact reliability and
the appropriateness of generalizing findings.
Music interventions used in these studies were different types of surgeries at different times during the perioperative period.