Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density, long cycle
life, and satisfactory rate performance are among the most promising
technologies for the development of electric vehicles and
long lasting portable electronic devices [1]. In the past decades,
graphite has been widely used as the anode material in LIBs due to
its lithium intercalation capabilities, low operating potential versus
lithium metal, and high stability [2]. However, graphite has
several drawbacks including low storage capacity and limited rate
capability in comparison to other carbon materials [3,4]. Recently,
hollow carbon nanostructures including carbon capsules have
been developed as promising candidates for LIB anodes, and have
shown better electrochemical and mass transport capabilities in
comparison to graphite due to their favorable structures for lithium
intercalation and deintercalation [5–9].