Organic acids, whether naturally present in foods due to fermentation or intentionally added during processing, have been used for many years in food preservation. Some organic acids behave primarily as fungicides or fungistats, while others tend to be more effective at inhibiting bacterial growth. The mode of action of organic acids is related to the pH reduction of the substrate, acidification of internal components of cell membranes by ionization of the undissociated acid molecule, or disruption of substrate transport by alteration of cell membrane permeability. The undissociated portion of the acid molecule is primarily responsible for antimicrobial activity; therefore, effectiveness depends upon the dissociation constants (pKa) of the acid. Organic acids are generally more effective at low pH and high dissociation constants. The most commonly used organic acids in food preservation include: citric, succinic, malic, tartaric, benzoic, lactic, and propionic acids.
Organic acids, whether naturally present in foods due to fermentation or intentionally added during processing, have been used for many years in food preservation. Some organic acids behave primarily as fungicides or fungistats, while others tend to be more effective at inhibiting bacterial growth. The mode of action of organic acids is related to the pH reduction of the substrate, acidification of internal components of cell membranes by ionization of the undissociated acid molecule, or disruption of substrate transport by alteration of cell membrane permeability. The undissociated portion of the acid molecule is primarily responsible for antimicrobial activity; therefore, effectiveness depends upon the dissociation constants (pKa) of the acid. Organic acids are generally more effective at low pH and high dissociation constants. The most commonly used organic acids in food preservation include: citric, succinic, malic, tartaric, benzoic, lactic, and propionic acids.
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