The pre-test was administered on May 11, 1996, approximately one month after the start of the school year. For administrative reasons, it was impossible to schedule the test any earlier. The instructors in the TOEIC treatment, in particular, were instructed to avoid any classwork which could be termed “TOEIC test preparation” until the test was over. The ‘general’ and ‘business’ treatments had no other exposure to TOEIC-type questions during the course of the experiment, save for the one sample test and the actual pre- and post-tests.