Samples were taken daily and determined for lactic acid and starch concentrations, treatment efficiency, and number of the viable LAB.
When the starch in the SCW was exhausted, an agitation was stopped in order to allow the cells to settle down.
Then, about 2/3 of the SCW was replaced with a fresh SCW to initiate the next batch.
The five consecutive batches were carried out.
All SSF experiments were performed in duplicate.