The demand for schooling responds to lower costs, both in school expenses (fees, clothing, books, and the like) and the opportunity costs of traveling over poor roads to distant locations and not having children to do productive work. These costs to families can be lowered. The recent elimination of school fees for primary education in Kenya and Uganda induced major increases in school enrollment. In Uganda the free primary education program that started in 1997 had large impacts on completion rates for fourth and fifth graders from poor households, especially girls. But free primary education may not be enough for poor children to attend school because of other costs.