Ijames Turner johnson, "Threats, Values, and Defense: Does the Defense of Values by Force Remain a Moral Pos sibility?" Parameters 15, no. 1 (Spring 1985).
state. The implication here is that states have no right to instigate a war.
Many theorists define a just cause broadly: a
just cause is resistance to substantil aggression, which has been defined as "the type of aggression
that violates people's most fundamenta1 n.ghts."2
This resistance includes Self-defense against exter nal threat, of course. But it also may encompass defending the innocent from deadly attack (as in genocide or "ethnic cleansing," for example), defending people whose basic human rights are being violated by a brutal regime, or defending other states from unjust external attack. Some early theorists thought that wars could be justifi ably fought to convert or punish those of a differ ent religion-a view ow rejected by philosophers and theologians but still strongly supported in some parts of the world.
Some people argue that war in self-defense is
justified only in response to an actual attack; oth ers maintain that an attack need not be actual but only feared-that is, a "preventive war" may be justified. But many contend that to start a war on such grounds is to act on a rrl re fear of the unknown and to invite other states to launch attacks for no good reason (or for ulterior motives). In response to this worry, a number of theorists maintain that a wr is justified only if the threat of attack frorri another state iS "immediate and imminent," which means something like "clearly about to happen." Such a war is properly called preemptive. Much of the debate about the United
States' launching a preemptive strike against Iraq in 2003 has been about whether this "immediate and imminent" standard was met as well as about whether the standard is relevant when there might be a danger from weapons of mass destruction.
2. The war must be sanctione.. by proper author
ity; The resort to war must be approved by a state's
Ijames Turner johnson, "Threats, Values, and Defense: Does the Defense of Values by Force Remain a Moral Pos sibility?" Parameters 15, no. 1 (Spring 1985). state. The implication here is that states have no right to instigate a war.Many theorists define a just cause broadly: ajust cause is resistance to substantil aggression, which has been defined as "the type of aggressionthat violates people's most fundamenta1 n.ghts."2This resistance includes Self-defense against exter nal threat, of course. But it also may encompass defending the innocent from deadly attack (as in genocide or "ethnic cleansing," for example), defending people whose basic human rights are being violated by a brutal regime, or defending other states from unjust external attack. Some early theorists thought that wars could be justifi ably fought to convert or punish those of a differ ent religion-a view ow rejected by philosophers and theologians but still strongly supported in some parts of the world.Some people argue that war in self-defense isjustified only in response to an actual attack; oth ers maintain that an attack need not be actual but only feared-that is, a "preventive war" may be justified. But many contend that to start a war on such grounds is to act on a rrl re fear of the unknown and to invite other states to launch attacks for no good reason (or for ulterior motives). In response to this worry, a number of theorists maintain that a wr is justified only if the threat of attack frorri another state iS "immediate and imminent," which means something like "clearly about to happen." Such a war is properly called preemptive. Much of the debate about the UnitedStates' launching a preemptive strike against Iraq in 2003 has been about whether this "immediate and imminent" standard was met as well as about whether the standard is relevant when there might be a danger from weapons of mass destruction.2. The war must be sanctione.. by proper authority; The resort to war must be approved by a state's
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
