Daphnia ecology and life style
Daphnia are filter feeders that direct small suspended particles into their mouth by a water current produced by their leaf-like legs (Figure 1). Daphnia's common name of 'water flea' comes from its jump-like movement, which results from the beat of the large antennae used for swimming (Figure 1). In a normal growth season Daphnia generates diploid eggs by asexual reproduction (partheno-genesis). These eggs develop directly into larvae in the female brood chamber and are released into the water after about 3 days. In most species the larvae go through four to six larval stages before developing into sexually mature adults. However, the Daphnia life cycle is adapted to extreme environmental conditions such as cold winters or summer droughts. If triggered by external stimuli such as high population density and a scarcity of food, Daphnia can produce haploid resting eggs by meiosis; these require fertilization and a period of extended dormancy in order to develop [3]. Resting eggs are distributed by wind or animals and development is resumed in response to external stimuli (for example, rising temperature). Cyclic parthenogenesis, in which parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction alternate, is common in most Daphnia species, but lineages have been described that exclusively reproduce asexually (obligate parthenogenesis). Cyclic parthenogenetic Daphnia must contain the molecular tools for the production of both haploid gametes (by meiosis) and diploid eggs (by mitosis), the latter developing parthenogenetically into diploid zygotes. This makes Daphnia an ideal system to study the evolution of the molecular processes of parthenogenesis.
Daphnia นิเวศวิทยาและวิถีชีวิตDaphnia are filter feeders that direct small suspended particles into their mouth by a water current produced by their leaf-like legs (Figure 1). Daphnia's common name of 'water flea' comes from its jump-like movement, which results from the beat of the large antennae used for swimming (Figure 1). In a normal growth season Daphnia generates diploid eggs by asexual reproduction (partheno-genesis). These eggs develop directly into larvae in the female brood chamber and are released into the water after about 3 days. In most species the larvae go through four to six larval stages before developing into sexually mature adults. However, the Daphnia life cycle is adapted to extreme environmental conditions such as cold winters or summer droughts. If triggered by external stimuli such as high population density and a scarcity of food, Daphnia can produce haploid resting eggs by meiosis; these require fertilization and a period of extended dormancy in order to develop [3]. Resting eggs are distributed by wind or animals and development is resumed in response to external stimuli (for example, rising temperature). Cyclic parthenogenesis, in which parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction alternate, is common in most Daphnia species, but lineages have been described that exclusively reproduce asexually (obligate parthenogenesis). Cyclic parthenogenetic Daphnia must contain the molecular tools for the production of both haploid gametes (by meiosis) and diploid eggs (by mitosis), the latter developing parthenogenetically into diploid zygotes. This makes Daphnia an ideal system to study the evolution of the molecular processes of parthenogenesis.
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