Here “degree” refers to the number of visits to a given LBM by traders operating in several LBMs. Most LBMs in the networks of both Hanoi (61; 82%, excluding isolated LBMs) and Bac Giang (33; 67%) were peripheral (Fig. 1), whereas a few hubs—the largest wholesale LBM in Hanoi and three Bac Giang LBMs—accounted for one-third of the total number of trader journeys within their respective network.