and a newcomer liner service provider which tries to
locate their hub in a way to maximize the number of attracted customers.
Inclusion of cooperation and competition, and studying the
role of individual decision makers merit more attention in the network
design and its cost calculations.
Last, but not least, environmental issues and requirements
bring challenges. It is generally accepted that multimodal transportation
itself has environmental privilege compared to unimodal
truck transportation systems. Still, this issue has not yet been studied
in hub-and-spoke network design problems.