Discussion
The results of Experiment 1 showed that covert retrieval pro- duced a comparable testing effect relative to overt retrieval. The two conditions produced comparable effects in overall free recall performance and in category access and words-per-category re- called. Further, this experiment created conditions in which the task requirements during initial retrieval were tightly controlled with subjects in both tested conditions engaging in covert retrieval for a 40-s period. This control helped ensure that subjects were complying with instructions in the covert condition, but it may have introduced some artificiality into the retrieval process in the overt condition. Under standard retrieval instructions, subjects usually bring the information to mind (i.e., they have a recollective experience) and then produce an overt response rather quickly thereafter (i.e., memory performance, see Tulving, 1983, pp. 134 – 137). However, in the overt retrieval condition of Experiment 1, we artificially forced subjects to covertly retrieve category mem- bers for a block of time before they produced overt responses. In Experiment 2, we asked whether allowing subjects to retrieve more naturally (i.e., recall the words and immediately report them) in the overt retrieval condition would result in a larger retrieval practice effect for the overt relative to the covert retrieval condition.
Discussion
The results of Experiment 1 showed that covert retrieval pro- duced a comparable testing effect relative to overt retrieval. The two conditions produced comparable effects in overall free recall performance and in category access and words-per-category re- called. Further, this experiment created conditions in which the task requirements during initial retrieval were tightly controlled with subjects in both tested conditions engaging in covert retrieval for a 40-s period. This control helped ensure that subjects were complying with instructions in the covert condition, but it may have introduced some artificiality into the retrieval process in the overt condition. Under standard retrieval instructions, subjects usually bring the information to mind (i.e., they have a recollective experience) and then produce an overt response rather quickly thereafter (i.e., memory performance, see Tulving, 1983, pp. 134 – 137). However, in the overt retrieval condition of Experiment 1, we artificially forced subjects to covertly retrieve category mem- bers for a block of time before they produced overt responses. In Experiment 2, we asked whether allowing subjects to retrieve more naturally (i.e., recall the words and immediately report them) in the overt retrieval condition would result in a larger retrieval practice effect for the overt relative to the covert retrieval condition.
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