A number of experiments were conducted to study the possible
effect of delivering longer pulses and higher frequencies on spores
(Fig. 5). The electric field intensity appliedwas in accordance with the
frequencyandpulse width, as shownfromthe processing parameters
in Fig. 6a. Inlet and outlet temperaturewere recorded aswell, and all
were kept below30 C (Fig. 6b) to ensure the nonthermal processing
of samples.No recirculationwas used in this system. As a result, there
was no inactivation of spores in skim milk (Fig. 5a) regardless of the
pulse width and frequency; however, germination of sporeswas also
not observed. For whole milk (Fig. 5b), the frequency had a minor
effect on inactivation (less than 0.3 log reduction), which also was
observed as the pulse width was increased.