The Juche ideology is the cornerstone of party works and government operations. It is viewed by the official North Korean line as an embodiment of Kim Il-sung's wisdom, an expression of his leadership, and an idea which provides "a complete answer to any question that arises in the struggle for national liberation".[91] Juche was pronounced in December 1955 in order to emphasize a Korea-centered revolution.[91] Its core tenets are economic self-sufficiency, military self-reliance and an independent foreign policy. The roots of Juche were made up of a complex mixture of factors, including the cult of personality centered on Kim Il-sung, the conflict with pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese dissenters, and Korea's centuries-long struggle for independence.[92]
It was initially promoted as a "creative application" of Marxism–Leninism, but in the mid-1970s, it was described by state propaganda as "the only scientific thought... and most effective revolutionary theoretical structure that leads to the future of communist society". Juche eventually replaced Marxist–Leninism entirely by the 1980s,[93] and in 1992 references to the latter were omitted from the constitution.[94] The 2009 constitution dropped references to communism, but retained references to socialism.[95] Juche's concepts of self-reliance have thus evolved with time and circumstances, but still provide the groundwork for the spartan austerity, sacrifice and discipline demanded by the party.[96]
Some foreign observers have instead described North Korea's political system as an absolute monarchy[97][98][99] or a "hereditary dictatorship".[100] Others view its ideology as a racialist-focused nationalism similar to that of Shōwa Japan,[101][102][103][104] or bearing a resemblance to European fascism.[105] A defected North Korean scholar dismisses the idea that Juche is the country's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners.[106]
The Juche ideology is the cornerstone of party works and government operations. It is viewed by the official North Korean line as an embodiment of Kim Il-sung's wisdom, an expression of his leadership, and an idea which provides "a complete answer to any question that arises in the struggle for national liberation".[91] Juche was pronounced in December 1955 in order to emphasize a Korea-centered revolution.[91] Its core tenets are economic self-sufficiency, military self-reliance and an independent foreign policy. The roots of Juche were made up of a complex mixture of factors, including the cult of personality centered on Kim Il-sung, the conflict with pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese dissenters, and Korea's centuries-long struggle for independence.[92]It was initially promoted as a "creative application" of Marxism–Leninism, but in the mid-1970s, it was described by state propaganda as "the only scientific thought... and most effective revolutionary theoretical structure that leads to the future of communist society". Juche eventually replaced Marxist–Leninism entirely by the 1980s,[93] and in 1992 references to the latter were omitted from the constitution.[94] The 2009 constitution dropped references to communism, but retained references to socialism.[95] Juche's concepts of self-reliance have thus evolved with time and circumstances, but still provide the groundwork for the spartan austerity, sacrifice and discipline demanded by the party.[96]
Some foreign observers have instead described North Korea's political system as an absolute monarchy[97][98][99] or a "hereditary dictatorship".[100] Others view its ideology as a racialist-focused nationalism similar to that of Shōwa Japan,[101][102][103][104] or bearing a resemblance to European fascism.[105] A defected North Korean scholar dismisses the idea that Juche is the country's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners.[106]
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