Noninvasive brain imaging measures: fMRI
The present article focuses on evidence from fMRI investigations of language development. This technique identifies changes in metabolism and oxygen levels in the brain.14 and 15 Though the increase in metabolism is not a direct measure of neuronal activity, the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal acquired during fMRI procedures reflects neural responses: there is a correlation between electrical discharges from neurons and the BOLD signal.16 and 17 Other MRI procedures, such as diffusion-tensor imaging, used for investigations of white matter pathways, are increasingly being used in multimodal studies of language processes, disorders, and development.13, 18, 19, 20 and 21 Other methods, such as event-related potentials, have also effectively predicted language outcomes: neonatal event-related potentials (as early as 36 h after birth) were predictive of language outcomes at 8 years of age.22 Multimodal investigations that combine procedures eliminate the shortcomings of the different procedures.23 A more in-depth discussion of multimodal investigation and methods is beyond the scope of the present article.
Noninvasive brain imaging measures: fMRIThe present article focuses on evidence from fMRI investigations of language development. This technique identifies changes in metabolism and oxygen levels in the brain.14 and 15 Though the increase in metabolism is not a direct measure of neuronal activity, the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal acquired during fMRI procedures reflects neural responses: there is a correlation between electrical discharges from neurons and the BOLD signal.16 and 17 Other MRI procedures, such as diffusion-tensor imaging, used for investigations of white matter pathways, are increasingly being used in multimodal studies of language processes, disorders, and development.13, 18, 19, 20 and 21 Other methods, such as event-related potentials, have also effectively predicted language outcomes: neonatal event-related potentials (as early as 36 h after birth) were predictive of language outcomes at 8 years of age.22 Multimodal investigations that combine procedures eliminate the shortcomings of the different procedures.23 A more in-depth discussion of multimodal investigation and methods is beyond the scope of the present article.
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