participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions that represented each possible combination of colors for the reading passage and corresponding test: (a) passage on red paper and test on red paper, (b) passage on red paper and test on green paper, (c) passage on green paper and test on green paper, and (d) passage on green paper and test on red paper. Upon receiving the reading passage, participants were instructed to read and study the passage for 10 minutes. After the 10-minute study period, the passages were collected and the tests were distributed. Participants were given 5 minutes to complete the test. After the 5-minute test period, the tests were collected and the experiment was concluded.