sections of previous work. Identify and cite the important points along the way, but do not provide detailed descriptions. The literature review should not be an article-by-article description of one study after another; instead, the articles should be presented in an integrated manner. Taken together, your literature review should provide a rationale for your study. Remember, you are taking your readers down a logical path that leads to your research question.
3. Ultimately, the introduction reaches the specific problem, hypothesis, or question that the research study addresses. State the problem or purpose of your study, and clearly define the relevant variables. The review of the literature should lead directly to the purpose of or the rationale for your study.
4. Describe the research strategy that was used to evaluate your hypothesis or to obtain an answer to your research question. Briefly outline the methodology used for the study (the details of which are provided in the next section of the report, the method section). At this point, simply provide a snapshot of how the study was conducted so the reader is prepared for the upcoming details. Also explain how the research strategy provides the information necessary to address your hypothesis or research question.
If the introduction is well written, your readers will finish the final paragraphs with a clear understanding of the problem you intend to address, the rationale that led to the problem, and a basic understanding of how you answered the problem. Figure 16.3 shows portions of the introduction of an APA-style manuscript. The complete introduction and the rest the manuscript are in Appendix D.
Definition: The introduction is the first major section of text in a research report. The introduction presents a logical development of the research question, including a review of the relevant background literature, a statement of the research question or hypothesis, and a brief description of the methods used to answer the question or thest the hypothesis.
Method
The second major section of the body or the text of a research report is the method section. The method section provides a relatively detailed description of exactly how the variables were defined and measured and how the research study was conducted. Other researchers should be able to read your method section and obtain enough information to determine whether your research strategy adequately addresses the question you hope to answer. It also allows other researchers to duplicate all of the essential elements of your research study. The method section immediately follows the introduction. Do not start a new page. Instead, after the last line of the introduction, on the next double-spaced line, type the word Method, centered and in boldface. Usually, a method section is divided into two subsections: Subjects or Participants, and Procedure. Each subsection heading is presented at the left margin in boldface with uppercase and lowercase letters.
The first major subsection of the method section is either the subjects subsection (for nonhumans) or the participants subsection (for humans). This subsection describes the sample that participated in the study. For nonhumans, describe (1) the number of animals used in the study, (2) eligibility and exclusion criteria, (3) basic demographic characteristics of the group, including age, gender and ethnicity, and (4) any other characteristics relevant to the study (for example, IQ or psychopathology diagnosis).
The second major subsection of the method section is the procedure subsection. The procedure subsection provides a description of the step-by-step process used to complete the study. Include (1) a description of selection procedures, (2) the settings and locations in which data were collected, (3) any payments made to participants, (4) ethical standards met and safety-monitoring procedures, (5) any methods used to divide or assign participants into groups or conditions and how many individuals were in each condition, (6) a description of instructions given to participants, (7) the research design, (8) any experimental manipulation or intervention, and (9) any apparatus or materials that were used.
If portions of your study are complex or require detailed description, additional subsections can be added. One example is entitled either Apparatus or Materials. This subsection describes any apparatus (equipment) or materials (questionnaires and the like) used in the study. Occasionally, both subsections are included in a research report. In an apparatus subsection, common items such as chairs, tables, and stopwatches are mentioned without a lot of detail. The more specialized the equipment, the more detail is needed. For custom-made equipment, a figure or picture is required as well. For studies that use questionnaires, a common additional subsection is a materials subsection. The materials subsection includes identification of the variables and how they were operationalized; that is, how they were defined and measured. Each questionnaire used in the study requires a description, a citation, and an explanation of its function in the study (what it was used to measure). Also include information on the instrument’s psychometric properties(evidence of reliability and validity). For a new questionnaire that you developed for the purposes of your study, it is also necessary to provide a copy of the measure in an appendix.
sections of previous work. Identify and cite the important points along the way, but do not provide detailed descriptions. The literature review should not be an article-by-article description of one study after another; instead, the articles should be presented in an integrated manner. Taken together, your literature review should provide a rationale for your study. Remember, you are taking your readers down a logical path that leads to your research question.
3. Ultimately, the introduction reaches the specific problem, hypothesis, or question that the research study addresses. State the problem or purpose of your study, and clearly define the relevant variables. The review of the literature should lead directly to the purpose of or the rationale for your study.
4. Describe the research strategy that was used to evaluate your hypothesis or to obtain an answer to your research question. Briefly outline the methodology used for the study (the details of which are provided in the next section of the report, the method section). At this point, simply provide a snapshot of how the study was conducted so the reader is prepared for the upcoming details. Also explain how the research strategy provides the information necessary to address your hypothesis or research question.
If the introduction is well written, your readers will finish the final paragraphs with a clear understanding of the problem you intend to address, the rationale that led to the problem, and a basic understanding of how you answered the problem. Figure 16.3 shows portions of the introduction of an APA-style manuscript. The complete introduction and the rest the manuscript are in Appendix D.
Definition: The introduction is the first major section of text in a research report. The introduction presents a logical development of the research question, including a review of the relevant background literature, a statement of the research question or hypothesis, and a brief description of the methods used to answer the question or thest the hypothesis.
Method
The second major section of the body or the text of a research report is the method section. The method section provides a relatively detailed description of exactly how the variables were defined and measured and how the research study was conducted. Other researchers should be able to read your method section and obtain enough information to determine whether your research strategy adequately addresses the question you hope to answer. It also allows other researchers to duplicate all of the essential elements of your research study. The method section immediately follows the introduction. Do not start a new page. Instead, after the last line of the introduction, on the next double-spaced line, type the word Method, centered and in boldface. Usually, a method section is divided into two subsections: Subjects or Participants, and Procedure. Each subsection heading is presented at the left margin in boldface with uppercase and lowercase letters.
The first major subsection of the method section is either the subjects subsection (for nonhumans) or the participants subsection (for humans). This subsection describes the sample that participated in the study. For nonhumans, describe (1) the number of animals used in the study, (2) eligibility and exclusion criteria, (3) basic demographic characteristics of the group, including age, gender and ethnicity, and (4) any other characteristics relevant to the study (for example, IQ or psychopathology diagnosis).
The second major subsection of the method section is the procedure subsection. The procedure subsection provides a description of the step-by-step process used to complete the study. Include (1) a description of selection procedures, (2) the settings and locations in which data were collected, (3) any payments made to participants, (4) ethical standards met and safety-monitoring procedures, (5) any methods used to divide or assign participants into groups or conditions and how many individuals were in each condition, (6) a description of instructions given to participants, (7) the research design, (8) any experimental manipulation or intervention, and (9) any apparatus or materials that were used.
If portions of your study are complex or require detailed description, additional subsections can be added. One example is entitled either Apparatus or Materials. This subsection describes any apparatus (equipment) or materials (questionnaires and the like) used in the study. Occasionally, both subsections are included in a research report. In an apparatus subsection, common items such as chairs, tables, and stopwatches are mentioned without a lot of detail. The more specialized the equipment, the more detail is needed. For custom-made equipment, a figure or picture is required as well. For studies that use questionnaires, a common additional subsection is a materials subsection. The materials subsection includes identification of the variables and how they were operationalized; that is, how they were defined and measured. Each questionnaire used in the study requires a description, a citation, and an explanation of its function in the study (what it was used to measure). Also include information on the instrument’s psychometric properties(evidence of reliability and validity). For a new questionnaire that you developed for the purposes of your study, it is also necessary to provide a copy of the measure in an appendix.
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