2.5. Estimation of costs and benefits
The valuation of air pollution costs and benefits associated to policy making in AERIS is presently carried out only for health and non-health damage variables in millions of euros per year (M€/yr). The cost to indi- viduals and health services due to air pollution disability (restricted ac- tivity days) was modelled for PM2.5 under an impact pathway approach adapted to Spain (Dixon, 1998; Defra, 2013). The valuation of non- health damage was carried out for crop-losses (O3 related) and building soiling (PM2.5) according to Watkiss et al. (2001). Market prices for