Finally, it should be noted that the focus of the present study was on other-derogation
exhibited in self-reported perceptions of others, not actual behavior toward others. While
having a conversation with another person, for example, narcissists may exhibit specific
behaviors such as refocusing the topic of a conversation or intentionally ignoring what their
conversation partner says (Vangelisti, Knapp, & Daly, 1990). It will be a meaningful research
avenue to examine how narcissism is related to behavioral other-derogation in the absence of
ego threat.