Research that has empirically examined relationships between EI and job satisfaction has returned mixed findings. A number of studies have observed weak to modest relationships between trait EI measures and job satisfaction. A recent study of food service workers and their managers observed a positive association between an ability based EI scale and job satisfaction in employees and their managers. Finally, a study of a group of managers Lopes, Grewal, Kadis, Gall, and Salovey (2006) found links between EI abilities and affective proxies of job satisfaction measured via self and supervisor reports.