Store-bought orange juice from Berri Pty Ltd, Australiawas used for producing orange-juice powders. Laboratory-grade lithium chloride anhydrous, potassium acetate, magnesium nitrate, potassium iodide and potassium chloride from Chem-supply, Australia, magnesium chloride from, Unilab, Ajax Finechem, Australia and food-grade sodium chloride, SAXA, from Salpak Pty Ltd. Australia were used for salt solution preparation.