Consideration of the pretraining states or individual characteristics of trainees also enhances the benefits of training. Tracey et al. (2001) collected data from 420 hotel managers who attended a two-and-a-half-day managerial knowledge and skills training program. Results
showed that managers’ job involvement, organizational commitment, and perceptions of the work environment (i.e., perceived support and recognition) were predictive of pre training self-efficacy, which in turn was related to pretraining motivation. Pretraining motivation was related to posttraining measures of utility reactions, affective reactions, declarative knowledge scores, and procedural knowledge scores. Pretraining motivation has also been shown to be related to trainee personality (Rowold 2007), trainee self-efficacy and training reputation (Switzer et al. 2005), as well as reactions to prior train-ing courses (Sitzmann et al. 2007). In a field study of learners in a traditional classroom or blended learning course, Klein et al. (2006) found that learners had a higher motivation to learn when they had a high learning goal orientation (rather than a lower learning goal orientation) and when they perceived environmental conditions (e.g., time, Internet access) as learning enablers (rather than as barriers). Motiva-tion to learn, in turn, was related to learner satisfaction, metacognition, and course grade. Kozlowski et al. (2001) showed that trait and manipulated learning orientation had indepen-dent effects on participants’ self-efficacy and structural knowledge.