2.2.3. Energy calculation
EC was calculated based on Eq. (3).
EC = ECfuel + ECproduction + ECmaintenance + EClabor [MJt
−1] (3)
Where ECfuel, ECproduction, and ECmaintenance are the energies converted
from fuel (diesel in this case) consumption, production, and
maintenance of the machines for all related operations, including
collection, baling, and handling of the rice straw to the side of the
fields (Table 1). EClabor is converted from the manpower used for all
related operations.