Rarely is the method evaluated or compared with a non-simulation approach, either with respect to student time needed or as to how well students understand sampling distributions (Chance et al. 2004). The formal research that has been conducted to compare student understanding of sampling distributions following instruction with and without simulation generally has found no difference or a modest difference in favor of simulation (Mills 2002; Meletiou-Mavrotheris 2003; Chance et al. 2004; Pfaff and Weinberg 2009).