Understanding of the pathogenesis of AFE has increased substantially in the last two decades since this disorder was recognized as 1 of the main causes of maternal mortality in the United States.3 Evidence on AFE, however, has been mainly based on individual case reports, autopsy series, or uncontrolled case series due to the low frequency of the condition. Moreover, several aspects on this condition remain a subject of controversy. This review critically examines, from the best available evidence, the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AFE.