Another criticism concerns the way in which leadership was conceptu alized in the GLOBE studies. In these studies, researchers used a concep tualization of leadership that was based on the ideas set forth by Lord and Maher (1991) in their work on implicit leadership theory. This approach frames leadership from an information-processing perspective as the implicit beliefs and convictions that individuals have about leaders. In other words, according to this theory, leadership is the process of being perceived by others as a leader. However, conceptualizing leadership in this way is limited because it focuses on what people perceive to be leadership and ignores a large body of research that frames leadership in terms of what leaders do (e.g., transformational leadership. path-goal theory, skills approach). Research on how people from different cultures view leadership is valuable, but there is a need for further research on how leadership func- tions in different cultures.