4.3. Phosphate
Partly as a result of prevailing water management and legislation in most EU member states, most current RASs do not focus
on specific phosphate removal systems, leading to accumulation of
PO4in the system water and relative high P levels in the RAS effluents (e.g.Martins et al., 2009a). The efficiency and cost effectiveness
of phosphate removal is one of the most important barriers. Controlling phosphate levels is possible through one or a combination
of the following methods