Prosocial behavior
Adolescents’ prosocial behavior toward family members was
measured using a modified version of the Kindness and Generosity
subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths [17].
The original measure was designed to assess behavior toward
strangers, and the current study adapted these items to target
prosocial behavior toward family members (nine items, e.g., “I
really enjoy doing small favors formyfamily”) on a 5-point Likert
scale ranging from 1 (not like me/my child at all) to 5 (very much
like me/my child). Mothers ( .90, factor loading.68), fathers
( .91, factor loading .72), and adolescents ( .91, factor
loading .77 for girls, .48 for boys) reported on the adolescents’
prosocial behavior toward family members, and mean scale
scores were used to create a latent variable representing prosocial
behavior toward family.