For the solution synthesis, sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) was mixed with nitric acid (HNO3) and stirred for fifteen (15) minutes. It was then gravity filtered and rinsed with water. The solid left on the filter paper was split three ways after the filtration. A third was kept as it was, a third was dissolved in 10 milliliters of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the final third was dissolved in 10 milliliters of 30% H2O2 plus one milliliter of ethanol (EtOH). A sol gel was formed for each after letting the three sit in solution. The sols were left to dry in air for about a day before the WO3 heat-treated. Each of the three powders were heat-treated for an hour in a furnace at 500° C.2