fluid dynamics of flapping insect wing in ground effect is investigated numerically in this study. To model the insect
wing cross-section in forward-flight mode, the laminar flow over a NACA0012 airfoil animated by a combination of harmonic
plunge and pitch rotation is considered. To implement the simulation, the proposed immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann
method is employed. By fixing the Reynolds number and the amplitude of motion, we systematically examine the influences of
the distance between the foil and the ground and the flapping frequency on the flow behaviors. As compared to the situation out
of ground effect, the forces for foil placed in close proximity to the ground show some differences. The mean drag coefficient is
increased at low frequency and decreased at high frequency. Meanwhile, the mean lift coefficient is increased at both low and
high frequencies and decreased at middle frequency. Moreover, an interesting phenomenon with oblate vortices due to vortex
interaction with the ground is observed.