major application of TEMs, is accomplished by varying the direction of the current through a TEM to switch between cooling and heating modes and by controlling its magnitude to provide the required rate of cooling or heating. Since this is done via solid-state electronics, rapid transient responses are straightforward when, e.g., the heat dissipated by a device mounted to a TEM changes. Electric power is generated by TEMs from temperature differences applied across the thermoelectric materials therein.