Hypertensive patients were defined as those with a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, and/or individuals receiving antihypertensive medications. Dyslipidemic patients were defined as those with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level ≥140 mg/dL, a triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level <40 mg/dL, or individuals receiving lipid-lowering medications. Diabetic patients were defined as individuals receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents or those with a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level ≥6.5 %, fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, or non-fasting plasma glucose level ≥200 mg/dL.
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