I. INTRODUCTION
The near-future technologies related to hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV) are the most promising alternatives to cope
with the reduction of greenhouse gases in the car industry. In
particular, plug-in HEV and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concepts
will have a tremendous impact not only on the reduction of
greenhouse gases but also on electricity distribution systems.
Above all, these new technologies will heavily depend on
battery packs. It is therefore important to develop accurate
battery models that can conveniently be used with simulators
of power systems and on-board power electronic systems.